Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a rare tumor that may form in cells in the middle of the adrenal glands. In the case of PCC, a tumor can cause the adrenal glands to make too much of the hormones norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). Together, these hormones control the heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, and body stress response. Increased levels of these hormones can put the body in a stress-response state, leading to an increase in blood pressure.
Tumors that form outside the adrenal glands are called paragangliomas.
Both PCCs and paragangliomas may also affect the production of adrenal hormones
called catecholamines by the adrenal glands. It is believed that the
development of the PCC is linked to a reduced supply of oxygen (hypoxia). These
conditions may cause hypoxia that involves severe hypertension, high blood
pressure, and congenital heart disease. A PCC may develop at any age, but is
most popular in early to middle adulthood, and is believed to often be
evolutionarily inherited.
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People who inherit PCC from their parents may also develop related
genetic conditions. These conditions include Von Hippel-Lindau disease, a
condition in which cysts and tumors grow in the central nervous system,
kidneys, adrenal glands, or in other parts of the body. Neurofibromatosis type
1 is the development of skin and optic nerve tumors. The Multiple type 2
endocrine neoplasms (MEN2) are a form of thyroid cancer that develops in
conjunction with PCC. Suddenly a large increase in adrenal hormones is called
an adrenergic crisis (AC). AC causes severe high blood pressure (hypertension)
and a rapid heart rate (tachycardia).
Common symptoms of pheochromocytoma include:
• Episodic and sudden onset of severe headaches.
• Sweat.
• Pain in the abdomen.
• High blood pressure that may be resistant to conventional medicines.
• Fast heart rate.
• Anxiety and irritability.
PCC diagnosis has improved with modern technology. But the PCC is still
difficult to diagnose. There are several different tests that your doctor may
use to diagnose PSS. These include the following:
• IRM.
• PET imagery.
• Laboratory tests for the assessment of hormone levels.
• Blood plasma test for catecholamine and metanephrine .
• Urine metanephrine tests for catecholamine and metanephrine.
• PCC treatment.
Surgical removal of the tumor is usually the primary method of
treatment. However, due to the importance of the adrenal glands, surgery can be
very difficult. Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy
may be required after surgery if the PCC is found to be cancerous. You may have
short-term problems with adrenal hormone regulation after surgery. Your doctor
may prescribe steroids to replace your natural hormones until the adrenal
glands restore normal function.
Without treatment, PCC patients are at higher risk for the following
conditions:
• Crisis of high blood pressure.
• Irregular heartbeats.
• Cardiac attack.
• The multiple organs of the body begin to fail;
The outlook for a person with a PCC depends on whether the tumor is
cancerous. People who had a non-cancer PCC had a five-year survival rate of 96 per
cent. The survival rate was 44 per cent for people who had cancerous tumors.
Early diagnosis is not always sufficient to ensure successful treatment.
Because of the difficulty of surgery, look for a surgeon who is highly skilled
and able to deal with a possible complication.
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